Causality in Historical Studies

One of the main objectives of historical studies, is the study of the causes of historical events. In the present article in the first place, the four kinds of causalities that are used for historical explanation, that is, necessary and insufficient condition, sufficient and unnecessary condition, necessary and sufficient condition, and unnecessary and insufficient condition, are explained. History-based researchers of social sciences mainly search for specific results in one or few cases. Attempts have been made in the preset study to show that such historical analyses normally rely on counterfactual analysis. In other words, it is argued that if one tries to conduct a causal study of the past or evaluate a historical explanation, there is no other option than relying on counterfactual analysis. In the next step, the relationship between causal analysis with historical chain explanations has been studied. These analyses refer to the sequence or interconnected causal factors and explain historical events through interconnected events that unfold in the process of time.