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Quantification of Antiviral Cytokines in Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Croatia

Authors :
Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej
Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
Maja Ilic
Lana Gorenec
Ivana Grgic
Maja Bogdanic
Leona Radmanic
Thomas Ferenc
Dario Sabadi
Vladimir Savic
Zeljka Hruskar
Luka Svitek
Vladimir Stevanovic
Ljiljana Peric
Dubravka Lisnjic
Danijela Lakoseljac
Dobrica Roncevic
Ljubo Barbic
Source :
Vaccines, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 1825 (2022)
Publication Year :
2022
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2022.

Abstract

Background: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most significant arboviruses affecting the human central nervous system (CNS) in Europe. Data on cytokine response in TBEV infection are limited. Methods: We analyzed the cytokine response in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine samples of patients with TBE. The control group consisted of patients with ‘febrile headache’ who had normal CSF cytology. The panel included 12 cytokines: TNF-α, IL-6, Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), Th9 (IL-9), Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F), Th22 (IL-22) cytokines and IL-10. Results: TBE patients were more likely to have increased levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ in CSF compared to controls (85.7% vs. 58.8% and 85.7% vs. 47.1%, respectively). However, concentrations of IL-6 (the most abundant cytokine in the CSF of both groups), IL-10 and IL-9 were lower in TBEV patients compared with controls, but the difference was statistically significant for IL-9 only (p = 0.001). By analyzing the cytokine levels in different clinical samples, all measured cytokines were detected in the serum, with the highest concentrations found for IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17F and IL-22. Higher concentrations of cytokines in the CSF compared with serum were observed for IL-5, IL-6 and IL-22. All cytokines except IL-13 were detectable in urine but in a small proportion of patients, except for IL-22, which was detectable in 95.8% of patients. Conclusions: Cytokine composition in different clinical samples of TBE patients reveals a different network of early innate immune response cytokines, Th1, Th2, Th9, Th22, Th17 and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
2076393X
Volume :
10
Issue :
11
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Vaccines
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.0983eb666d849398b54526fcc93eee4
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111825