Optimal synthesis of the Fredkin gate in a multilevel system

The optimal cost of a three-qubit Fredkin gate is 5 two-qubit entangling gates, and the overhead climbs to 8 when restricted to controlled-not (CNOT) gates. By harnessing higher-dimensional Hilbert spaces, we reduce the cost of a three-qubit Fredkin gate from 8 CNOTs to 5 nearest-neighbor CNOTs. We also present a construction of an n -control-qubit Fredkin gate with 2 n + 3 CNOTs and 2 n single-qudit operations. Finally, we design deterministic and non-deterministic three-qubit Fredkin gates in photonic architectures. The cost of a non-deterministic three-qubit Fredkin gate is further reduced to 4 nearest-neighbor CNOTs, and the success of such a gate is heralded by a single-photon detector. Our insights bridge the gap between the theoretical lower bound and the current best result for the n -qubit quantum computation.