Geo-mechanical and geo-morphology characterisation of the cap rocks in the Niger Delta for potential carbon capture and storage

The world has been battling climate change which is caused by an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon sequestration in geological sinks was identified as one of the major methods to curb and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide stored in the geological formations must not escape back into the atmosphere. Characterisation of potential reservoirs for geological sequestration is pertinent for injectivity, capacity, and most importantly containment of carbon dioxide. The cap rock is one of the most important factors determining carbon sequestration success. This study focuses on the preliminary characterisation of the caprocks for evaluating potential subsurface storage of carbon dioxide based on their petrophysical characteristics. X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Fluorescence provided the mineralogical composition and geochemical data of the cap rocks while Scanning Electron Microscopy-EDS was used to identify the qualitative information on the micromorphological textural structure of the cap rocks in the Niger Delta. Conventional Triaxial experiments were used to determine the elastic and geo-mechanical strength of the caprocks. It was identified that the grain skeleton of caprocks in the region is predominated by Quartz, Albite, and Muscovite. The ratio of the tectosilicate and phyllosilicate minerals indicates that the cap rocks are silicate shale. The peak strength of the caprocks ranged from 48.85 to 80.50 MPa and are classified as strong rocks. The cap rocks showed a quasi-elastic behaviour after being subjected to compressive axial force. The elastic modulus of the caprocks was also observed. The characteristics exhibited by the shale caprock at the rock matrix level are highly favourable for sealing carbon dioxide and hence indicate capability for use in carbon sequestration.