Electrochemical In Situ/operando Spectroscopy and Microscopy Part 2: Battery Applications

In situ/operando techniques for electrochemical systems are useful for understanding the electrochemical reactions, as we presented in Part 1. Here we present a series of in situ/operando techniques for battery applications. Now the in situ/operando techniques presented in this paper has become powerful tools for the development of advanced battery systems such as Li-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, and other beyond Li-ion batteries. In the present paper we introduce the in situ/operando cell design of each measurement technique and discuss how we apply each technique for in the advanced battery materials development.