Rotating random trees with Skorokhod's $M_1$ topology

We extend the classical coding of measured $\mathbb R$-trees by continuous excursion-type functions to c\`adl\`ag excursion-type functions through the notion of parametric representations. The main feature of this extension is its continuity properties with respect to the \textsc{Gromov-Hausdorff-Prokhorov} topology for $\mathbb R$-trees and \textsc{Skorokhod}'s $M_1$ topology for c\`adl\`ag functions. As a first application, we study the $\mathbb R$-trees $\mathcal T_{x^{(\alpha)}}$ encoded by excursions of spectrally positive $\alpha$-stable \textsc{L\'evy} processes for $\alpha \in (1,2]$. In a second time, we use this setting to study the large-scale effects of a well-known bijection between plane trees and binary trees, the so-called rotation. \textsc{Marckert} has proved that the rotation acts as a dilation on large uniform trees, and we show that this remains true when the rotation is applied to large critical \textsc{Bienaym\'e} trees with offspring distribution attracted to a Gaussian distribution. However, this does not hold anymore when the offspring distribution falls in the domain of attraction of an $\alpha$-stable law with $\alpha \in (1,2)$, and instead we prove that the scaling limit of the rotated trees is $\mathcal T_{x^{(\alpha)}}$.
Comment: 45 pages, 20 figures