Manipulation of Quantum Strings by Edge Defect in Kagome Rydberg Atom Array

Optical tweezers can grab particles with their laser beam fingers, so these tiny point objects can be moved by using the laser light. However, manipulation of topological defects, especially higher-dimension ones becomes extremely difficult because they usually require non-local operation involving a great deal of operators, e.g. string operator. Here, using a large-scale quantum Monte Carlo method, we demonstrate the quantum string excitation can be grabbed in the Kagome Rydberg atom array with well-designed edges. After inserting an edge defect, the fractional charge at one end of the string is found to be pinned, allowing the quantum string to be manipulated. Since the quantum string is directed, its quantum fluctuations can be clearly observed due to the movement of the dangling fractional charge at the other end. Then, we can drag the two ends of the string in opposite directions, which is analogous to the separation of a quark-anti-quark pair connected by a gluon string. As the separation distance increases, the quantum fluctuations of the string are strongly suppressed. Eventually, a string-breaking phenomenon occurs. However, if both edge defects are located on the same side, the strings are always broken because both dangling fractional charges take the same gauge charge and can not annihilate each other into the vacuum. This work not only proposes an ideal experimental platform for analyzing quantum string excitations in the ground state but also provides a much simpler method for manipulating quantum string excitations in frustrated systems, such as spin ice.
Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, comments are welcome, and more information at http://cqutp.org/users/xfzhang/