Measurement of total phase fluctuation in cold-atomic quantum simulators

Studying the dynamics of quantum many-body systems is often constrained by the limitations in probing relevant observables, especially in continuous systems. A powerful method to gain information about such systems is the reconstruction of local currents from the continuity equation. Here we extend this approach to extract the total phase fluctuation of adjacent Bose gases. We validate our technique numerically and demonstrate its effectiveness by analyzing data from selected experiments simulating 1D quantum field theories through the phase difference of two 1D Bose gases probed by interference. Our analysis reveals the previously hidden sector of the sum mode of the phase, which is important for studying long-time thermalization and out-of-equilibrium dynamics of the system, thereby expanding the scope and capabilities of cold-atomic quantum simulators.
Comment: 5+9 pages, 12 figures