Improving Robustness and Clinical Applicability of Automatic Respiratory Sound Classification Using Deep Learning-Based Audio Enhancement: Algorithm Development and Validation Study

Deep learning techniques have shown promising results in the automatic classification of respiratory sounds. However, accurately distinguishing these sounds in real-world noisy conditions poses challenges for clinical deployment. Additionally, predicting signals with only background noise could undermine user trust in the system. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating a deep learning-based audio enhancement preprocessing step into automatic respiratory sound classification systems to improve robustness and clinical applicability. Multiple experiments were conducted using different audio enhancement model structures and classification models. The classification performance was compared to the baseline method of noise injection data augmentation. Experiments were performed on two datasets: the ICBHI respiratory sound dataset, which includes 5.5 hours of recordings, and the Formosa Archive of Breath Sounds (FABS) dataset, comprising 14.6 hours of recordings. Additionally, a physician validation study was conducted by 7 senior physicians to assess the clinical utility of the system.The integration of the audio enhancement pipeline resulted in a 21.88% increase in the ICBHI classification score on the ICBHI dataset and a 4.10% improvement on the FABS dataset in multi-class noisy scenarios. Quantitative analysis from the physician validation study revealed improvements in efficiency, diagnostic confidence, and trust during model-assisted diagnosis, with workflows integrating enhanced audio leading to an 11.61% increase in diagnostic sensitivity and facilitating high-confidence diagnoses. Incorporating an audio enhancement algorithm significantly enhances the robustness and clinical utility of automatic respiratory sound classification systems, improving performance in noisy environments and fostering greater trust among medical professionals.
Comment: Demo website: https://rogertzeng.github.io/ReSC-AE/