On the Significance of Rare Objects at High Redshift: The Impact of Cosmic Variance

The discovery of extremely luminous galaxies at ultra-high redshifts ($z\gtrsim 8$) has posed a challenge for galaxy formation models. Most statistical analyses of this tension to date have not properly accounted for the variance due to field-to-field clustering, which causes the number counts of galaxies to vary from field to field, greatly in excess of Poisson noise. This super-Poissonian variance is often referred to as cosmic variance. Since cosmic variance increases rapidly as a function of mass, redshift, and for small observing areas, the most massive objects in deep \textit{JWST} surveys are severely impacted by cosmic variance. In this paper, we introduce a simple model to predict the distribution of the mass of the most massive galaxy found for different survey designs, which includes cosmic variance. The distributions differ significantly from previous predictions using the Extreme Value Statistics formalism, changing both the position and shape of the distribution of most massive galaxies in a counter-intuitive way. We test our model using the \texttt{UniverseMachine} simulations, where the predicted effects of including cosmic variance are clearly identifiable. Moreover, we find that the highly significant skew in the distributions of galaxy number counts for typical deep \textit{JWST} surveys lead to a high "variance on the variance", which greatly impacts the calculation of the cosmic variance itself. We conclude that it is crucial to accurately account for the impact of cosmic variance in any future analysis of tension between extreme galaxies in the early universe and galaxy formation models.
Comment: Submitted to ApJ. The main text contains 15 pages and 9 figures. The appendix contains 4 pages and 3 figures