Correlations between two vortices in dry active matter

It was recently shown that wet active matter may form synchronized rotating vortices in a square lattice, similar to an antiferromagnetic Ising model (by considering rotation direction as spin projections). In this letter, we investigate whether such a correlated state occurs for a model of dry active matter. We achieve that by numerically simulating the dynamics of a system of active particles in the presence of two identical circular obstacles. Then, we measure the rotation velocity correlation function of both vortices as a function of the obstacle diameter, their shortest separation, called gap, and the particle density. We find that, like the observations of vortex formation in wet active matter, both vortices can synchronize their rotations in either opposite or in the same direction; we call such regimes as antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic, respectively. We show that, for the antiferromagnetic case, both vortices keep their motion correlated by exchanging particles through the region in between them, analogously to synchronized cogs; on the other hand, for the ferromagnetic regime, both vortices merge in a single rotating cluster, similar to a belt strapped around the obstacles. Additionallly, we observe the emergence of uncorrelated states at the transition between correlated states, in which only a single vortex is present, or in the large gap regime, in which the vortices are nearly independent on each other.
Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures.The paper was accepted on October 18, 2024 for publication in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications