Absence of localized $5d^1$ electrons in KTaO$_3$ interface superconductors

Recently, an exciting discovery of orientation-dependent superconductivity was made in two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the interfaces of LaAlO$_3$/KTaO$_3$ (LAO/KTO) or EuO/KTaO$_3$ (EuO/KTO). The superconducting transition temperature can reach a $T_c$ of up to $\sim$ 2.2 K, which is significantly higher than its 3$d$ counterpart LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ (LAO/STO) with a $T_c$ of $\sim$ 0.2 K. However, the underlying origin remains to be understood. To uncover the nature of electrons in KTO-based interfaces, we employ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic x-ray spectroscopy (RIXS) to study LAO/KTO and EuO/KTO with different orientations. We reveal the absence of $dd$ orbital excitations in all the measured samples. Our RIXS results are well reproduced by calculations that considered itinerant $5d$ electrons hybridized with O $2p$ electrons. This suggests that there is a lack of localized Ta $5d^1$ electrons in KTO interface superconductors, which is consistent with the absence of magnetic hysteresis observed in magneto-resistance (MR) measurements. These findings offer new insights into our understanding of superconductivity in Ta $5d$ interface superconductors and their potential applications.
Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures