Intense {\gamma}-photon and high-energy electron production by neutron irradiation: effects of nuclear excitations on reactor materials

The effects of neutron irradiation on materials are often interpreted in terms of atomic recoils, initiated by neutron impacts and producing crystal lattice defects. In addition, there is a remarkable two-step process, strongly pronounced in the medium-weight and heavy elements. This process involves the generation of energetic {\gamma} photons in nonelastic collisions of neutrons with atomic nuclei, achieved via capture and inelastic reactions. Subsequently, high-energy electrons are excited through the scattering of {\gamma} photons by the atomic electrons. We derive and validate equations enabling a fast and robust evaluation of photon and electron fluxes produced by the neutrons in the bulk of materials. The two-step n-{\gamma}-e scattering creates a nonequilibrium dynamically fluctuating steady-state population of high-energy electrons, with the spectra of photon and electron energies extending well into the mega-electron-volt range. This stimulates vacancy diffusion through electron-triggered atomic recoils, primarily involving vacancy-impurity dissociation, even if thermal activation is ineffective. Tungsten converts the energy of fusion or fission neutrons into a flux of {\gamma} radiation at the conversion efficiency approaching 99%, with implications for structural materials, superconductors, and insulators, as well as phenomena like corrosion, and helium and hydrogen isotope retention.