Practical considerations for sandwich variance estimation in two-stage regression settings

We present a practical approach for computing the sandwich variance estimator in two-stage regression model settings. As a motivating example for two-stage regression, we consider regression calibration, a popular approach for addressing covariate measurement error. The sandwich variance approach has been rarely applied in regression calibration, despite that it requires less computation time than popular resampling approaches for variance estimation, specifically the bootstrap. This is likely due to requiring specialized statistical coding. In practice, a simple bootstrap approach with Wald confidence intervals is often applied, but this approach can yield confidence intervals that do not achieve the nominal coverage level. We first outline the steps needed to compute the sandwich variance estimator. We then develop a convenient method of computation in R for sandwich variance estimation, which leverages standard regression model outputs and existing R functions and can be applied in the case of a simple random sample or complex survey design. We use a simulation study to compare the performance of the sandwich to a resampling variance approach for both data settings. Finally, we further compare these two variance estimation approaches for data examples from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).
Comment: 18 pages of main manuscript including 2 figures and 4 tables; 14 pages of supplementary materials and references (including 2 tables)