Characterizing quantum pseudorandomness by machine learning

Random dynamics in isolated quantum systems is of practical use in quantum information and is of theoretical interest in fundamental physics. Despite a large number of theoretical studies, it has not been addressed how random dynamics can be verified from experimental data. In this paper, based on an information-theoretic formulation of random dynamics, i.e., unitary $t$-designs, we propose a method for verifying random dynamics from the data that is experimentally easy-to-access. More specifically, we use measurement probabilities estimated by a finite number of measurements of quantum states generated by a given random dynamics. Based on a supervised learning method, we construct classifiers of random dynamics and show that the classifiers succeed to characterize random dynamics. We then apply the classifiers to the data set generated by local random circuits (LRCs), which are canonical quantum circuits with growing circuit complexity, and show that the classifiers successfully characterize the growing features. We further apply the classifiers to noisy LRCs, showing the possibility of using them for verifying noisy quantum devices, and to monitored LRCs, indicating that the measurement-induced phase transition may possibly not be directly related to randomness.
Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures