On Hosoya's dormants and sprouts

In a recent series of papers, Hosoya drew the attention to a particular aspect of constructing cospectral graphs by using coalescences: that cospectral graphs can be constructed by attaching multiple copies of a rooted graph in different ways to subsets of vertices of an underlying graph. Our principal focus is to address the expectations and questions raised in Hosoya's papers with regards to this construction. We give an explicit formula for the characteristic polynomial of such multiple coalescences, from which we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for their cospectrality. We enumerate such cospectral multiple coalescences for a few families of underlying graphs, and show the infinitude of cospectral multiple coalescences having paths as underlying graphs, which were deemed rare by Hosoya.
Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures