Simulations of starspot anomalies within TESS exoplanetary transit light curves -- II

We determine the starspot detection rate in exoplanetary transit light curves for M and K dwarf stars observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using various starspot filling factors and starspot distributions. We used $3.6\times10^9$ simulations of planetary transits around spotted stars using the transit-starspot model \prism. The simulations cover a range of starspot filling factors using one of three distributions: uniform, polar-biased, and mid-latitude. After construction of the stellar disc and starspots, we checked the transit cord for starspots and examined the change in flux of each starspot to determine whether or not a starspot anomaly would be detected. The results were then compared to predicted planetary detections for TESS. The results show that for the case of a uniform starspot distribution, $64\pm9$ M dwarf and $23\pm4$ K dwarf transit light curves observed by TESS will contain a starspot anomaly. This reduces to $37\pm6$ M dwarf and $12\pm2$ K dwarf light curves for a polar-biased distribution and $47\pm7$ M dwarf and $21\pm4$ K dwarf light curves for a mid-latitude distribution. Currently there are only 17 M dwarf and 10 K dwarf confirmed planetary systems from TESS, none of which are confirmed as showing starspot anomalies. All three starspot distributions can explain the current trend. However, with such a small sample, a firm conclusion can not be made at present. In the coming years when more TESS M and K dwarf exoplanetary systems have been detected and characterised, it will be possible to determine the dominant starspot distribution.
Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, and 7 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A