Quantitative phase and polarisation endoscopy applied to detection of early oesophageal tumourigenesis

Phase and polarisation of coherent light are highly perturbed by interaction with microstructural changes in pre-malignant tissue, holding promise for label-free early cancer detection in endoscopically accessible tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract. Flexible optical fibres used in conventional diagnostic endoscopy scramble phase and polarisation, restricting clinicians instead to low-contrast amplitude-only imaging. Here, we unscramble phase and polarisation images by exploiting the near-diagonal multi-core fibre (MCF) transmission matrix to create a novel parallelised fibre characterisation architecture, scalable to arbitrary MCFs without additional experimental overhead. Our flexible MCF holographic endoscope produces full-field en-face images of amplitude, quantitative phase and resolved polarimetric properties using a low-cost laser diode and camera. We demonstrate that recovered phase enables computational re-focusing at working distances up to 1mm over a field-of-view up to 750$\times$750 $\mu m^2$. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of phase and polarisation information enables label-free visualisation of early tumours in oesophageal mouse issue that are not identifiable using conventional amplitude-only information, a milestone towards future application for early cancer detection in endoscopy.
Comment: Main manuscript: 32 pages, 5 figures; Supplementary: 38 pages 11 figures