De la structure de jauge des \'equations de Maxwell \`a l'\'etude des th\'eories au del\`a du Mod\`ele Standard gr\^ace \`a la mesure du couplage trilin\'eaire du champ de Higgs

The concept of gauge theories progressively emerged during the 20th century while the building of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. This work focusses on some aspects of gauge theories. First, a modern interpretation of Maxwell's equations in terms of differential forms motivates a geometric definition of gauge theories as a theory of connections on principle bundles. After presenting some historical facts about the notion of gauge in particle physics, the geometrical construction is used to study the electroweak theory and the SM. Though the SM has not been defaulted by any experiments yet, it still remains theoretically incomplete. The Higgs boson discovered in 2012 at LHC, is a particle about which we do not know lots yet. Some interesting clues about how one should extend the SM could be obtained through the observation of significant deviations between the measured value of some parameter of the Higgs boson, and the one predicted by the SM. The trilinear Higgs coupling is one of those interesting parameters. The last part of this work is a phenomenological study of the impact of variations of this coupling on the distributions one can typically get from the CMS particle detector, at LHC.
Comment: in French