Gravitational instability in protostellar disks at low metallicities

Fragmentation of protostellar disks controls the growth of protostars and plays a key role in determining the final mass of newborn stars. In this paper, we investigate the structure and gravitational stability of the protostellar disks in the full metallicity range between zero and the solar value. Using the mass-accretion rates evaluated from the thermal evolution in the preceding collapse phase of the pre-stellar cores, we calculate disk structures and their evolution in the framework of the standard steady disks. Overall, with higher metallicity, more efficient cooling results in the lower accretion rate and lower temperature inside the disk: at zero metallicity, the accretion rate is ~ 1e-3Msun/yr and the disk temperature is ~ 1000 K, while at solar metallicity, ~ 1e-6Msun/yr and 10 K. Despite the large difference in these values, the zero- and solar-metallicity disks have similar stability properties: the Toomre parameter for the gravitational stability, which can be written using the ratio of temperatures in the disk and in the envelope as Q ~ (T_disk/T_env)^3/2, is > 1, i.e., marginally stable. At intermediate metallicities of 1e-5--1e-3Zsun, however, the disks are found to be strongly unstable with Q ~ 0.1--1 since dust cooling, which is effective only in the disks due to their high density (> 1e10 cm^-3), makes the temperature in the disks lower than that in the envelopes. This indicates that masses of the individual stars formed as a result of the protostellar disk fragmentation can be significantly smaller than their parent core in this metallicity range. The typical stellar mass in this case would be a few Msun, which is consistent with the observationally suggested mass-scale of extremely metal-poor stars.
Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS