Dual Processing of R-Loops and Topoisomerase I Induces Transcription-Dependent DNA Double-Strand Breaks

Summary: Although accumulation of DNA damage and genomic instability in resting cells can cause neurodegenerative disorders, our understanding of how transcription produces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is limited. Transcription-blocking topoisomerase I cleavage complexes (TOP1ccs) are frequent events that prime DSB production in non-replicating cells. Here, we report a mechanism of their formation by showing that they arise from two nearby single-strand breaks (SSBs) on opposing DNA strands: one SSB from the removal of transcription-blocking TOP1ccs by the TDP1 pathway and the other from the cleavage of R-loops by endonucleases, including XPF, XPG, and FEN1. Genetic defects in TOP1cc removal (TDP1, PNKP, and XRCC1) or in the resolution of R-loops (SETX) enhance DSB formation and prevent their repair. Such deficiencies cause neurological disorders. Owing to the high frequency of TOP1cc trapping and the widespread distribution of R-loops, these persistent transcriptional DSBs could accumulate over time in neuronal cells, contributing to the neurodegenerative diseases. : Cristini et al. identify a mechanism of DSB formation in non-replicating cells, which strictly depends on transcription. They are formed by two single-strand breaks on opposing DNA strands resulting from the processing of both R-loops and topoisomerase I, and genetic defects increasing these transcriptional DSBs cause neurological disorders. Keywords: DNA double-strand breaks, transcription, R-loops, topoisomerase I, neurodegenerative diseases, DNA repair, TDP1, XPF, Senataxin, RNA/DNA hybrid