[From the gene to the clinic: prostate cancer death can now be an exception?]

The most significant discovery of the second half of the XXth century in the field of prostate cancer therapy is probably the observation that the human prostate, as well as many other peripheral human tissues, synthesize locally an important amount of androgens from the inactive steroid precursors dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate DHEA-S. In parallel with these observations, two important discoveries also made by our group are applied in the clinic worldwide, namely the use of LHRH (luteininizing hormone-releasing hormone) agonists to completely block testicular androgens, while, simultaneously, the androgens made locally in the prostate from DHEA are blocked in their access to the androgen receptor by a pure antiandrogen of the class of flutamide. This treatment, called combined androgen blockade, has been the first treatment demonstrated to prolong life in prostate cancer. While the first studies were performed in patients with advanced and metastatic disease, our recent data indicate a remarkable level of efficacy of the same treatment applied to localized prostate cancer, namely a 90% possibility of cure. However, in order to be able to treat localized prostate cancer, early diagnosis must be achieved. In the first large-scale randomized study of prostate cancer screening, we have demonstrated that 99% of prostate cancers can be diagnosed at the localized or potentially curable stage, using simple annual measurement of PSA (prostatic specific antigen). Today's data show that with the simple application of the available diagnostic and therapeutic tools, death from prostate cancer should be an exception.