Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Relation to Coffee Consumption Among Taiwanese Adults

Purpose High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is essential for cardiometabolic health. Coffee consumption influences the body’s ability to regulate serum lipid profile. Although there is extensive information on coffee and cholesterol, not much is known whether changes in HDL-C concentrations are affected by coffee with or without flavoring substances. Materials and Methods Using historical data collected from 1272 participants in Li-Shin (Landseed) International Hospital in Northern Taiwan, we examined the relationship between HDL-C and consumption of plain black coffee with and without additives. Data on coffee consumption between 2006 and 2019 were collected based on self-reported questionnaires while HDL-C measurements were obtained from the electronic medical records of the hospital. t-test, chi-square test and multivariate linear regression analysis were used for analysis. Results In our primary analysis, we found that coffee consumption of ≥5 cups per week was positively associated with HDL-C (β = 1.9586, p=0.0442) compared with the lowest level (