Skeletal muscle ventricles in circulation long-term: one hundred ninety-one to eight hundred thirty-six days

It has been shown previously that skeletal muscle ventricles fashioned from canine latissimus dorsi muscle can function as effective blood pumps. We describe four dogs that have been reported on before but have now had skeletal muscle ventricles functioning as effective aortic diastolic counterpulsators for 191 to 836 days. One dog remains well with a skeletal muscle ventricle that has been pumping in circulation for 194 days; there has been no evidence of thrombus in the skeletal muscle ventricle cavity or thromboembolism. None of the three dogs that died had evidence of peripheral embolization, although two of those dogs had thrombus within the cavity of the skeletal muscle ventricle. This study proves that skeletal muscle ventricles can function long-term in the circulation and maintain diastolic pressure augmentation beyond 2 years. To the best of our knowledge, the dog whose skeletal muscle ventricle pumped in circulation for 836 days represents the longest living laboratory animal or human with a functioning heart assist device.