Evaluation of Intracranial Microvessel Visualization in Mouse and Dog Models by Using a New Rotating Cerium Anode X-ray System

Lacunar stroke may be caused by infarction of small perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery. We developed a microangiographic X-ray system using a cerium anode to evaluate the perforating branches.Iodine has K-edges at 33.2 kilo electron volts. Cerium yields a characteristic X-ray of 34.6 kilo electron volts, therefore, the cerium anode X-ray system could detect tiny amounts of contrast material. First, an X-ray chart was used to evaluate the resolution. Second, the brains of mice were dissected and irradiated. Third, the brains of dogs were excluded and irradiated. Fourth, iodine was perfused into the carotid artery of living dogs during brain imaging.In the first experiment, the cerium anode X-ray system elicited 4.86 clear line pairs. In mice, the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery could be visualized. The perforating branches were clearly observed in dog brains ex situ even through an acrylic plate, but not in conventional X-ray images. Iodine moving inside the perforating branches was visualized in dog brains in situ using the cerium anode X-ray system.The cerium anode X-ray system allowed us to visualize the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery in living dogs.