Is smoking related to body image satisfaction, stress, and self-esteem in young adults?

To examine the association of smoking and gender with body image satisfaction, perceived stress, and self-esteem in young adults.Respondents completed a survey consisting of Perceived Stress Scale, Body-Areas Satisfaction Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Current smokers (n = 483) and never smokers (n = 973) are included.Smoking and female gender were independently associated with higher perceived stress (P0.001). Female gender was associated with lower body image satisfaction and lower self-esteem (P0.001). Current smoking was associated with lower self-esteem (P = 0.007).Smoking treatment should include stress management and self-esteem and body image improvement.