Evidence for a Long-Lived, Cu-Coupled and Oxygen-Inert Disulfide Radical Anion in the Assembly of Metallothionein-3 Cu(I)

The human copper-binding protein metallothionein-3 (MT-3) can reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I) and form a polynuclear Cu(I)(4)-Cys(5–6) cluster concomitant with intramolecular disulfide bonds formation, but the cluster is unusually inert toward O(2) and redox-cycling. We utilized a combined array of rapid-mixing spectroscopic techniques to identify and characterize the transient radical intermediates formed in the reaction between Zn(7)MT-3 and Cu(II) to form Cu(I)(4)Zn(II)(4)MT-3. Stopped-flow electronic absorption spectroscopy reveals the rapid formation of transient species with absorption centered at 430–450 nm and consistent with the generation of disulfide radical anions (DRAs) upon reduction of Cu(II) by MT-3 cysteine thiolates. These DRAs are oxygen-stable and unusually long-lived, with lifetimes in the seconds regime. Subsequent DRAs reduction by Cu(II) leads to the formation of a redox-inert Cu(I)(4)-Cys(5) cluster with short Cu–Cu distances (