Effects of controlled micro-/nanosurfaces on osteoblast proliferation

Micro-/nanostructured implant surfaces mimicking natural bone architecture are expected to have positive effects on osteoblast proliferation. In this study, to clarify the optimal microstructure scale on micro-/nano-titanium surfaces, highly controlled microstructure surfaces were fabricated with a titania nanotube oxide layer by sandblast treatment and electrochemical anodization. Average surface roughness (R