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Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a critical threat to human health. Considering the difficulties and time-consuming nature of synthesizing new antibiotics, it is of great significance and importance to develop the antibiotic-independent antibacterial approaches against drug-resistant bacteria. Nanomaterials-based photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have attracted much attention due to their broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, low toxicity, and drug-free feature. In this work, we loaded indocyanine green (ICG) on the Ti