Clonal Dissemination of Multiple Carbapenemase Genes in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Mediated by Multiple Plasmids in China

Background Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are rapidly increasing worldwide in last two decades and lead few antibiotics for treatment. The molecular epidemiology of CRE in China was investigated to provide basis for clinical rational use of antibiotics and prevent its spread. Methods All CRE isolates in this study were collected from 11 hospitals from October 2015 to July 2018. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests, PCR molecular identification, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multilocus sequence typing. Results Among the 399 CRE isolates, 51.6% (206/399) harbored carbapenemase genes. Three carbapenemase genes were detected, namely blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, and blaIMP at rates of 29.8% (119/399), 17.5% (70/399), and 4.0% (16/399), respectively. In Klebsiella pneumoniae (350) and Escherichia coli (26), blaKPC-2 (33.4%, 117/350) and blaNDM-1 (61.5%, 16/26) were the predominant genes. The most common genes in the CRE isolates were blaKPC (85.5%) and blaNDM-1 (76.5%) from adults and children, respectively. Particularly, ST11 K. pneumoniae with blaKPC-2 harbored by IncFII plasmids were distributed in both general and primary hospitals, suggesting a clonal transmission pattern at these sites. In addition, the clonal distribution of ST2407 K. pneumoniae with blaNDM-1 located on IncX3 plasmids and blaIMP-38-positive ST307 K. pneumoniae were detected in a children’s hospital. Conclusion The distribution of carbapenemase genes differed among strains and age groups. Multiple carbapenemase genes in the CRE strains were clonally disseminated in the tested regions mediated by multiple plasmids. Therefore, CRE monitoring should be increased and measures should be adopted to prevent its transmission.