The formation of Kantˈs critical philosophy in response to the epistemological problems of rationalism and empiricsm

Kantov takozvani kopernikanski obrat i njegova kritička filozofija dolaze kao odgovor na epistemološku problematiku racionalizma i empirizma. Ova dva suprotna filozofska smjera, zajedno s Newtonovom fizikom, pružit će materijal za Kantov transcendentalni nauk koji bi trebao objasniti sigurnost čovjekove spoznaje, odnosno čovjekova iskustva, te odgovoriti na pitanje o mogućnosti metafizike kao znanosti. Ovaj rad obrađuje najvažnije predstavnike racionalizma i empirizma, te osnovne odlike njihovih filozofija, posebice epistemologije. Nakon toga, prikazuje se Kantova kritička filozofija, koju je on zamislio kao jednu višu sintezu empirizma i racionalizma, pri čemu za njega Newtonova fizika predstavlja uzor znanosti i objektivnog znanja. Također se na kraju donosi Kantov odgovor na pitanje o mogućnosti metafizike kao znanosti. Kant's so-called Copernican turn and his critical philosophy come as a response to epistemological problems of rationalism and empiricism. These two opposite philosophical directions, together with Newton's physics, will provide material for Kant's transcendental doctrine, which should explain the certainty of human knowledge, that is, human experience, and answer the question of the possibility of metaphysics as a science. This paper deals with the most important philosophers of rationalism and empiricism, and the basic features of their philosophies, especially epistemology. After that, Kant's critical philosophy is presented, which he imagined as a higher synthesis of empiricism and rationalism, while for him Newton's physics represents a model of science and objective knowledge. Kant's answer to the question about the possibility of metaphysics as a science is also presented at the end.