[Substance abuse and cardiovascular risk: cocaine]

Cocaine abuse is widely increasing, especially in younger individuals. Cocaine is a major cause of chest pain and acute coronary syndrome and is the leading cause for drug abuse-related visits to emergency departments, most of which are due to cardiovascular complaints. Cocaine use, especially long-term, is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, and with several significant, life-threatening cardiovascular diseases although the multifactorial underlying cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of acute and chronic cocaine cardiotoxicity are not well established due to limited studies. Current findings have important public health implications, reinforcing recommendations for substance use screening among young adults with heart diseases, and highlighting the need for education on its deleterious effects. Cocaine should be considered a cardiovascular risk factor, requiring attention to early detection of vascular disease in cocaine users.