Čas mineva, zdrave navade ostanejo? : longitudinalna primerjava kontraktilnih lastnosti mišic, gibalnih sposobnosti in značilnosti življenjskega sloga športnikov in nešportnikov na majhnem vzorcu

Introduction: Because healthy behaviors learned early in life are more likely to be maintained during adulthood, we aimed to investigate longitudinal changes of partici-pants that were regularly involved in extracurricular sport activities (athletes N = 7 4 boys) and those that were not (non-athletes, N = 6 3 boys)Methods: Participants of both groups were invited for re-assessment at the age of 27, in 2019, 12 years after they participated in a 5-year longitudinal study as adoles-cents (9–14 years of age, in the period 2001‒07). We investigated vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) contractile properties (tensiomyography), maximal running speed (photocells), anthropometric measures (bioimpedance), maximal vertical jump-ing height (squat and countermovement jumps on a ground reaction force plate), and lifestyle characteristics (GPAQ and EHIS surveys).Results: Based on Cohen’s d effect size we found that athletes have lower body mass index, higher maximal running speed, better maximal vertical jumping height, and shorter BF contraction time, not found in VL, compared to non-athletes. Further-more, athletes also exhibit healthier lifestyle characteristics such as lower sedentary time and higher daily energy expenditure than non-athletes. Athletes follow diet regi-mens consisting of more regular meals with more protein and indulge less in health-risk behavior (smoking and alcohol consumption). However, the self-perception of health and quality of life was lower in athletes than in non-athletes. Conclusion: EU regulations and the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemics pre-vented us from conducting a study on a more representative sample. Nevertheless, we could confirm that regular sport participation yields better physical performance and a healthier lifestyle but could also have a negative impact on health (injuries) and quality of life. Uvod: Namen raziskave je ugotoviti longitudinalne spremembe v skupini preisko-vancev, ki so se redno ukvarjali z obšolskimi športnimi dejavnostmi (skupina športnikov N = 7, 4 dečki), in tistih, ki se niso kontinuirano ukvarjali s športom (skupina nešportnikov, N = 6, 3 dečki). Metode: Udeleženci obeh skupin so bili povabljeni na ponovne meritve pri starosti 27 let, leta 2019, torej 12 let po tem, ko so bili v starosti od 9-14 let, v obdobju 2001-2007 vključeni v petletno longitudinalno študijo. Preučevali smo kontraktilne lastnosti mišic: vastus lateralis (VL) in biceps femoris (BF) (z metodo tenziomiografije), hitrost sprinta z letečim štartom (s fotokamerami), antropometrične podatke (z bioimpedanco), dosežek navpičnega skoka (skoki na tenziometrijski plošči s pomočjo in brez pomo-či rok) ter nekatere značilnosti življenjskega sloga (anketi GPAQ in EHIS). Rezultati: Na podlagi velikosti učinka (Cohenove d) smo ugotovili, da imajo špor-tniki v primerjavi z nešportniki nižji indeks telesne mase, večjo hitrost teka, boljšo zmo-gljivost vertikalnih skokov in krajši čas krčenja BF, kar pri VL nismo ugotovili. Poleg tega imajo športniki tudi bolj zdrave vzorce življenjskega sloga, manj sedijo in več gibajo (večja dnevna poraba energije) kot nešportniki. Nadalje prehrano športnikov sestavljajo bolj redni obroki z več beljakovinami, poleg tega imajo manj zdravju ne-varnih praks (kajenje in uživanje alkohola). Kljub temu pa so športniki svoje zdravje in kakovost življenja ocenili nižje kot nešportniki. Zaključek: Regulativni predpisi EU za področje varovanja osebnih podatkov (GDPR) kot tudi začetek pandemije COVID-19 so nas pri izvedbi študije na bolj repre-zentativnem vzorcu močno ovirali. Kljub temu smo lahko potrdili, da redno ukvarjanje s športom ohranja boljšo telesno zmogljivost, bolj zdrav življenjski slog, kar pa lahko vpliva na zdravje (poškodbe) in kakovost življenja.