Dejavniki vpliva na pojav prezgodnje menopavze

Uvod: Izraz prezgodnja menopavza opredeljuje prenehanje hormonske dejavnosti jajčnikov pred 40. letom starosti. V okviru preučevanja pojava prezgodnje menopavze se v ospredje vse bolj postavljajo sociodemografski dejavniki dejavniki povezani z življenjskim slogom dejavniki, povezani z zdravjem reprodukcijskega organskega sistema dejavniki, povezani z izpostavljenostjo škodljivim zunanjim vplivom. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je raziskati vpliv različnih dejavnikov tveganja na pojav prezgodnje menopavze ter hkrati razviti in testirati presejalni vprašalnik za ugotavljanje statusa vitamina D pri slovenskih pomenopavznih in perimenopavznih ženskah. Metode dela: Izvedena je bila presečna epidemiološka raziskava. Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela, narejen je bil pregled literature, v empiričnem delu pa neeksperimentalna kvantitativna metodologija z uporabo anketnega vprašalnika. Vzorec je predstavljalo 81 pacientk, starih med 40. in 65. letom, ki so v obdobju od julija 2019 do septembra 2019 obiskale izbrano referenčno ambulanto v Zdravstvenem domu dr. Julija Polca v Kamniku. Zbrane podatke smo obdelali in analizirali s pomočjo programov Microsoft® Excel in SPSS, različica 21.0. Rezultati: Ob upoštevanju vključitvenih in izključitvenih meril smo v nadaljnjo analizo vključili 59 preiskovank. Povprečna starost preiskovank je 57,05 leta, povprečna starost ob pojavu menopavze pa je 50,85 leta. Povprečna vrednost vnosa vitamina D prek hrane je 1,32 µg dnevno, s prehranskimi dopolnili in/ali z zdravilom Plivit D3 pa 4,11 µg dnevno. Z raziskavo smo ugotovili, da kajenje vpliva na zgodnejši nastop menopavze (p < 0,05) ter dokazali vpliv višje stopnje izobrazbe na višji vnos kalcija z mlekom in mlečnimi izdelki (p < 0,05). V nasprotju s predhodnimi študijami z našo raziskavo nismo dokazali povezave med starostjo ob pojavu prve menstruacije in starostjo ob nastopu menopavze (p > 0,05). Ugotovili smo tudi, da večje izpostavljanje soncu ne vpliva na starost ob nastopu menopavze (p > 0,05). Razprava in zaključek: Zaradi povezanosti med življenjskim slogom in starostjo nastopa menopavze se nakazuje priložnost za preventivno delovanje z namenom krepitve reproduktivnega zdravja žensk v vseh starostnih obdobjih. Introduction: The term premature menopause defines the cessation of ovarian hormonal activity before the age of 40. In the context of the study of the onset of premature menopause, sociodemographic factors lifestyle related factors factors related to health of the reproductive organ system and factors related to exposure to harmful external influences are increasingly being highlighted. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the impact of various risk factors on the onset of premature menopause and at the same time develop and test a screening questionnaire to determine the status of vitamin D in Slovenian postmenopausal and perimenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted. Used was the descriptive work method, prepared was an overview of literature and in the empirical part a non-experimental quantitative methodology was carried out using a questionnaire. The sample consisted of women aged 40-65 who visited reference clinics in the Health Center dr. Julija Polca Kamnik during July and September in 2019. The collected data were processed and analyzed using Microsoft® Excel and SPSS version 21.0. Results: Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 59 subjects were included in the follow-up analysis. The mean age of the subjects was 57.05 years and the mean age at onset of menopause was 50.85 years. The average value of vitamin D intake with food was 1,32 µg daily, while with dietary supplements and/or Plivit D3 the value of vitamin D intake was 4.11 µg daily. Study showed that smoking has an effect on the onset of menopause (p < 0.05) and demonstrated the impact of higher education on higher calcium and milk intake (p < 0.05). In contrast to previous studies, our study did not demonstrate an association between age at onset of menarche and age at onset of menopause (p > 0.05). Results also showed that greater exposure to the sun does not affect the age at onset of menopause (p > 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: Due to the association between lifestyle and age of onset of menopause, the opportunity for preventive health care interventions are being suggested to improve the reproductive health of women at all ages.