International Arbitration dispute resolution with particular emphasis on Arbitration Agreement between Croatia and Slovenia

V svetu se je v mednarodnem pravu s civilizacijo postopoma uveljavila težnja po mirnem reševanju mednarodnih sporov. Načelo je hitro preraslo v dolžnost, ki jo morajo upoštevati tako države kot vsi drugi subjekti mednarodnega prava, uzakonjeno pa je v Ustanovni listini Organizacije združenih narodov. Mirno reševanje sporov v praksi poteka z uporabo diplomatskih in pravnih sredstev mirnega reševanja. Med zadnja uvrščamo sodni in arbitražni postopek, ravno slednji pa je tudi predmet obravnave tega diplomskega dela. Arbitraža je izvensodni način reševanja sporov, v katerem države prepustijo odločanje o sporu določenim osebam, ki jih imenujejo same. Za arbitražno posredovanje se morajo odločiti sporazumno, pri čemer lahko izbirajo med ustanovitvijo ad hoc arbitraže ali pa spor predložijo stalnemu razsodišču. Arbitražna razsodba je zavezujoča in dokončna, države stranke jo morajo upoštevati, priznati in izvršiti. V kolikor tega ne storijo, mednarodno pravo ne določa nobene sankcije, bi pa to bilo v nasprotju z načelom pacta sunt servanda. Za arbitražno reševanje medsebojne mejne problematike sta se leta 2009 odločili tudi Republika Slovenija in Republika Hrvaška. V ta namen sta ustanovili ad hoc arbitražno sodišče, ki je svoje delo opravljalo v Haagu. Postopek je bil prekinjen 22. julija 2015, ko so srbski in hrvaški mediji objavili sumljive zvočne posnetke med slovensko agentko pri razsodišču in slovenskih arbitrom, kar je povzročilo odstop Hrvaške od sporazuma in vseh nadaljnjih dejanj. Sodišče je po temeljitem preudarku odločilo postopek nadaljevati in leta 2017 izdalo arbitražno razsodbo, ki pa jo Hrvaška, vse od objave spornih prisluhov vztrajno zavrača in ne priznava. Peaceful settlement of international disputes is a fundamental principle of international law, which contains states' obligation to resolve their differences by pacific methods. It is formulated as such in the United Nations Charter and binds not only states, but also other subjects of international law. The principle is divided on diplomatic methods and legal methods. Adjudicative methods of dispute settlement consist of two types of procedures, judical settlement and arbitration. The last one is defined as a main topic of this particular degree. Arbitration is out-of-court settlement of differences between states by judges of their choice. Arbitration must be initiated with the agreement of the parties to a dispute. Parties can choose between ad hoc arbitration and institutional arbitration. Arbitration award is binding and final on the parties, which undertake to carry out the award without delay. If recognition and enforcement of an award are refused, there are no legal punishment for parties. However their actions would mean a breach of principle pacta sunt servanda. In 2009 Republic of Croatia and Republic of Slovenia also decided to settle their border dispute with the help of arbitration. Therefore parties agreed to apply the Permanent Court of Arbitration with its seat in Hague. Procedure was cancelled on July 22, 2015, because Serbian and Croatian newspapers emerged that Slovenia violated the Arbitration Agreement by engaging in ex parte communications with its party-appointed arbitrator. Consequently Croatia decided to end any further participation in the arbitral proceedings. After Arbitral Tribunal held a hearing, Tribunal decided that arbitral proceedings pursuant to the Arbitration Agreement would continue. In 2017 Tribunal issued final Arbitration award, which is still unacceptable and refused by Croatia.