Temperature affects skeletogenesis during Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) larval development

The Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a highly valued species, with particular interest for the southern European aquaculture industry. For the last two decades this species has been transposed for industrial production, but it still presents some constraints as the high frequency of vertebral deformities observed under intensive rearing. The patterns of osteological deformities have previously been described and found to affect mostly the haemal and caudal vertebrae, but no studies have been conducted in order to identify causes for such deformities.