Upala pluća povezana s mehaničkom ventilacijom uzrokovana bakterijom Acinetobacter baumannii u razdoblju pandemije COVID-19

Infekcije uzrokovane bakterijom Acinetobacter baumannii predstavljaju veliki javnozdravstveni problem. Acinetobacter baumannii kontaminira bolničko okruženje, kožu i sluznice pacijenata te se prenosi rukama osoblja uzrokujući oportunističke infekcije kao što su upale pluća povezane s mehaničkom ventilacijom, bakterijemije, infekcije rana te urinarne infekcije. Ventilatorom uzrokovana upala pluća druga je po učestalosti nozokomijalna infekcija u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja. Vodeći čimbenik rizika za razvoj ventilatorom uzrokovane upale pluća jest invazivna mehanička ventilacija. U pacijenata s bolešću COVID-19, liječenje u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja često je zahtijevalo intubaciju i uporabu mehaničke ventilacije izlažući ih riziku od razvoja ventilatorom uzrokovane upale pluća. S obzirom na brojna preklapanja u kliničkoj slici COVID upale pluća i upale pluća povezane s ventilatorom, teško je sa sigurnošću odrediti njezinu prevalenciju. Oštećenja pluća uzrokovana bolešću COVID-19, imunosupresivna terapija, često profilaktičko korištenje antibiotika i organizacijske teškoće – prenapučenost u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja, manjak osoblja, potreba za zaštitom osoblja od virusa SARS-CoV-2 (engl. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infekcije i dr., pridonijeli su povećanoj pojavnosti ventilatorom izazvane upale pluća uzrokovane Acinetobacter baumannii u pacijenata oboljelih od COVID-a. Brojni mehanizmi otpornosti na antibiotike, uz posljedično sve veću prevalenciju višestruko otpornih sojeva Acinetobacter baumannii predstavljaju izazov u liječenju. U osjetljivih sojeva, monoterapija karbapenemima dovodi do pozitivnog ishoda. Liječenje karbapenem-otpornih Acinetobacter baumannii sojeva u kompliciranim infekcijama provodi se uglavnom kolistinom. Kolistin se može primjenjivati intravenski i inhalacijski te ga se preporučuje koristiti u kombinaciji s drugim djelotvornim antibioticima.
Infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii are a major public health issue. Acinetobacter baumannii contaminates the hospital environment, skin, and mucous membranes of patients and is transmitted by the hands of staff, causing opportunistic infections such as pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, bacteremia, wound infections, and urinary tract infections. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the second most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care units. The leading risk factor for the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia is invasive mechanical ventilation. In the patients with COVID-19 disease, the treatment in intensive care units often required intubation and the use of mechanical ventilation, exposing them to the risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Given the numerous overlaps in the clinical picture of COVID-19 pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia, it is difficult to determine its prevalence with certainty. Lung damage caused by COVID-19, immunosuppressive therapy, frequent prophylactic use of antibiotics, and organizational difficulties (overcrowding in intensive care units, staff shortages, the need to protect staff from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, etc.) have contributed to the increased incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in COVID-19 patients. Numerous mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains such as carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii present a challenge in treatment. In susceptible strains, monotherapy with carbapenems leads to a positive outcome. The treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in complicated infections is carried out mainly with colistin. Colistin can be administered intravenously or by inhalation, and it’s use in combination with other effective antibiotics is recommended.