Structural and chemical trapping of flavin-oxide intermediates reveals substrate-directed reaction multiplicity

Though reactive flavin-N5/C4α-oxide intermediates can be spectroscopically profiled for some flavin-assisted enzymatic reactions, their exact chemical configurations are hardly visualized. Structural systems biology and stable isotopic labelling techniques were exploited to correct this stereotypical view. Three transition-like complexes, the α-ketoacid…N5-FMNox complex (I), the FMNox -N5-aloxyl-C'α- -C4α+ zwitterion (II), and the FMN-N5-ethenol-N5-C4α-epoxide (III), were determined from mandelate oxidase (Hmo) or its mutant Y128F (monooxygenase) crystals soaked with monofluoropyruvate (a product mimic), establishing that N5 of FMNox an alternative reaction center can polarize to an ylide-like mesomer in the active site. In contrast, four distinct flavin-C4α-oxide adducts (IV-VII) from Y128F crystals soaked with selected substrates materialize C4α of FMN an intrinsic reaction center, witnessing oxidation, Baeyer-Villiger/peroxide-assisted decarboxylation, and epoxidation reactions. In conjunction with stopped-flow kinetics, the multifaceted flavin-dependent reaction continuum is physically dissected at molecular level for the first time.