Online Broadband Impedance Identification for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on a Nonlinear Equivalent Circuit Model

Models play a crucial role in explaining internal processes, estimating states, and managing lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical models can effectively illustrate the battery’s mechanism; however, their complexity renders them unsuitable for onboard use in electric vehicles. On the other hand, equivalent circuit models (ECMs) utilize a simple set of circuit elements to simulate voltage–current characteristics. This approach is less complex and easier to implement. However, most ECMs do not currently account for the nonlinear impact of operating conditions on battery impedance, making it difficult to obtain accurate wideband impedance characteristics of the battery when used in online applications. This article delves into the intrinsic mechanism of batteries and discusses the influence of nonstationary conditions on impedance. An ECM designed for non-steady state conditions is presented. Online adaptive adjustment of model parameters is achieved using the forgetting factor recursive least squares (FFRLS) algorithm and varied parameters approach (VPA) algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate the impressive performance of the model and parameter identification method, enabling the accurate acquisition of online impedance.