impacted ureteral stents with cystine encrustation in cystinuria patients report of two cases

A 23-year-old man and a 62-year-old man suffering from cystinuria underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for right renal stone and left ureteral stone, respectively. They had double-J stents placed before ESWL, but since attempts to retrieve the stents were unsuccessful due to encrustation, they were referred to our clinic. Multimodal endourologic and open approaches including ESWL, transurethral ureterolithotripsy, and pyelolithotomy were required to render them stent- and stone-free. The guidelines do not recommend routine stenting before ESWL ; therefore, the indication and duration of indwelling stents should be minimized. Multimodal options including not only ESWL and endoscopic surgery but also open surgery, should be attempted for the management of encrusted stents. Close monitoring and follow up are important to the prevent complications of ureteral stents.