Calcium and Phosphate Levels are Among Other Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Normal Weight

Kamila Osadnik,1 Tadeusz Osadnik,1,2 Marcin Delijewski,1 Mateusz Lejawa,1 Martyna Fronczek,3 Rafał Reguła,4 Mariusz Gąsior,4 Natalia Pawlas1 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; 2 2nd Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, TO, Poland; 3Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, MF, Poland; 4 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, RR, PolandCorrespondence: Tadeusz OsadnikSilesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, Zabrze 41-800, PolandTel +0048 32 373 36 19Fax +0048 32 273 26 79Email tadeusz.osadnik@sccs.plBackground and Purpose: We aimed to assess the association between calcium and phosphorous and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in normal-weight individuals.Patients and Methods: The study sample comprised 460 normal-weight (body mass index < 25kg/m2) adults aged 18– 35 years. The diagnosis of MetS was based on the presence of at least two of the following: 1) systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 85 mmHg, 2) triglycerides (TG) > 150 mg/dl, 3) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) < 1 mmol/in men and < 1.2 mmol/l in women, 4) total cholesterol (TC) > 5.2 mmol/l, and 5) fasting glucose (FBG) > 5.55 mmol/l.Results: Patients with MetS were more often male and slightly older and they had a higher body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. By definition, patients with MetS had higher levels of BP, GLC, glycated hemoglobin A1c, TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TG, and apolipoprotein B but significantly lower concentrations of HDL-C and apolipoprotein A. Moreover, subjects with MetS had higher activity of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP). Higher concentrations of uric acid, creatinine and albumin (ALB) were also observed in subjects with MetS. The factors associated with MetS in the multivariate analysis were higher GGTP activity (OR per 5 unit increase – 1.23 (1.11– 1.37); p< 0.0001), a higher BMI (OR – 1.28 (1.1– 1.52); p=0.003), a higher concentration of calcium (OR per 0.1 mmol/l increase – 1.79 (1.21– 2.7); p=0.004), higher ALB levels (OR per 5 g/l increase – 1.76 (1.11– 2.95), p=0.02); higher phosphorous levels (OR per 0.1 mmol/l increase – 0.82 (0.67– 0.99); p=0.04), and a good household situation (odds ratio (OR) – 0.58 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.31– 1.07); p=0.08).Conclusion: Calcium and phosphorus levels are significantly associated with MetS in normal-weight individuals.Keywords: calcium, phosphorus, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, metabolic syndrome