Polarization lidar for detecting dust orientation: system design and calibration

Dust orientation has been an ongoing investigation in recent years. Its potential proof will be a paradigm shift for dust remote sensing, invalidating the currently used simplifications of randomly oriented particles. Vertically resolved measurements of dust orientation can be acquired with a polarization lidar designed to target the off-diagonal elements of the backscatter matrix which are nonzero only when the particles are oriented. Building on previous studies, we constructed a lidar system emitting linearly and elliptically polarized light at 1064 nm and detecting the linear and circular polarization of the backscattered light. Its measurements provide direct flags of dust orientation, as well as more detailed information of the particle microphysics. The system also has the capability to acquire measurements at varying viewing angles. Moreover, in order to achieve good signal-to-noise ratio in short measurement times, the system is equipped with two laser sources emitting in an interleaved fashion and two telescopes for detecting the backscattered light from both lasers. Herein we provide a description of the optical and mechanical parts of this new lidar system, the scientific and technical objectives of its design, and the calibration methodologies tailored for the measurements of oriented dust particles. We also provide the first, preliminary measurements of the system during a dust-free day. The work presented does not include the detection of oriented dust (or other oriented particles), and therefore the instrument has not been tested fully in this objective.