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Ultrasonic Structural Health Monitoring to Assess the Integrity of Spinal Growing Rods In Vitro
- Source :
- Spine Deformity. 4:65-69
- Publication Year :
- 2016
- Publisher :
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2016.
-
Abstract
- Background Rod fracture is a common complication of growing rods and can result in loss of correction, patient discomfort, and unplanned revision surgery. The ability to quantitate rod integrity at each lengthening would be advantageous to avoid this complication. We investigate the feasibility of applying structural health monitoring to evaluate the integrity of growing rods in vitro. Methods Single-rod titanium 4.5-mm growing rod constructs (n = 9), one screw proximally and one distally connected by in-line connectors, were assembled with pedicle screws fixed in polyethylene blocks. Proximal and distal ends were loaded and constructs subjected to cyclic axial compression (0–100 N at 1 Hz), with incrementally increasing maximum compressive loads of 10 N every 9k cycles until failure. Four piezoceramic transducers (PZTs) were mounted along the length the constructs to interrogate the integrity of the rods with an ultrasonic, guided lamb wave approach. Every 9k cycles, an 80 V excitatory voltage was applied to a PZT to generate high-frequency vibrations, which, after propagating through the construct, was detected by the remaining PZTs. Amplitude differences between pre- and postload waveform signals were calculated until rod failure. Results Average construct lifetime was 88,991 ± 13,398 cycles. All constructs failed due to rod fracture within 21 mm (mean = 15 ± 4.5 mm) of a screw or connector. Amplitude differences between pre- and postload increased in a stepwise fashion as constructs were cycled. Compared to baseline, we found a 1.8 ± 0.6-fold increase in amplitude 18k cycles before failure, a 2.2 ± 1.0-fold increase in amplitude 9k cycles before failure, and a 2.75 ± 1.5-fold increase in amplitude immediately before rod fracture. Conclusion We describe a potential method for assessing the structural integrity of growing rods using ultrasonic structural health monitoring. These preliminary data demonstrate the ability of periodic rod assessment to detect structural changes in cycled growing rods, which appear to correspond to subclinical rod fatigue before rod fracture.
- Subjects :
- genetic structures
Health Status
Thoracic Vertebrae
Rod
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Lamb waves
Pedicle Screws
Materials Testing
Humans
Medicine
Waveform
Ultrasonics
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Titanium
030222 orthopedics
Lumbar Vertebrae
business.industry
Biomechanical Phenomena
Spinal Fusion
Amplitude
Transducer
Scoliosis
Fracture (geology)
Ultrasonic sensor
sense organs
Structural health monitoring
business
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Biomedical engineering
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 2212134X
- Volume :
- 4
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Spine Deformity
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....ff4aca226b43d94b615f4c90da9f8431