Tri-n-butyl phosphate delays tissue repair by dysregulating neutrophil function in zebrafish

Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) is a widely used organophosphate ester, but its effects on the regenerative process under damaging circumstances remain unknown. In the present study, zebrafish larvae were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 200 and 1000 μg/L TnBP, and the caudal fins were cut at 72 hours post fertilization (hpf). First, after exposure to TnBP, the number of total neutrophils decreased together with decreased neutrophils in the tail, and TnBP inhibited chemotaxis. Second, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the zebrafish decreased greatly. Following exposure to TnBP, transcription levels of many genes regulating fin regeneration, such as fgf20a, fgfr1a, bmp2a and bmp4, were significantly downregulated, while inflammatory factors such as cxcl8a, cxcl18b, il-6, and tnfa were abnormally upregulated. In addition, TnBP inhibited the regenerative area after caudal fin amputation. The inflammatory state was adverse during the regenerative process. In summary, TnBP exposure is immunotoxic and decreases oxidative stress in injured zebrafish larvae.