Antibiotic Therapy of 3 Days May Be Sufficient After Biliary Drainage for Acute Cholangitis: A Systematic Review

Background The optimal antibiotic therapy duration for cholangitis is unclear. Guideline recommendations vary between 4 and 14 days after biliary drainage. Clinical observations and some evidence however suggest that shorter antibiotic therapy may be sufficient. Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of short-course therapy of ≤ 3 days with long-course therapy of ≥ 4 days after biliary drainage in cholangitis patients. Methods We searched the databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and trial registers for literature up to August 5, 2020. RCTs and observational studies including case series reporting on antibiotic therapy duration for acute cholangitis were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently evaluated study eligibility, extracted data, assessed risk of bias and quality of evidence. A meta-analysis was planned if the included studies were comparable with regard to important study characteristics. Primary outcomes included recurrent cholangitis, subsequent other infection, and mortality. Results We included eight studies with 938 cholangitis patients. Four observational studies enrolled patients treated for ≤ 3 days. Recurrent cholangitis occurred in 0–26.8% of patients treated with short-course therapy, which did not differ from long-course therapy (range 0–21.1%). Subsequent other infection and mortality rates were also comparable. Quality of available evidence was very low. Conclusion There is no high-quality evidence available to draw a strong conclusion, but heterogeneous observational studies suggest that antibiotic therapy of ≤ 3 days is sufficient in cholangitis patients with common bile duct stones. Supplementary information The online version of this article (10.1007/s10620-020-06820-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.