Factors affecting the implementation of Education for Sustainable Development in Vietnam: exploring perspectives of geography student teachers

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is considered both a goal and a means to achieve sustainable development. ESD implementation is impacted by different factors. To contribute to a better understanding of ESD implementation, this study investigates factors impacting ESD implementation in Vietnam from the perceptions of Geography student teachers. We conducted in-depth interviews with 25 Geography student teachers from different teacher education institutions in Vietnam. The respondents often mentioned disadvantages rather than advantages. They emphasized the following factors: society, curriculum, and teachers’ competencies (ICT skills, pedagogical and pedagogical content knowledge, etc.). The results reflect the challenges in implementing ESD in the context of a developing country. Based on the results, the authors suggest ways forward to promote ESD in Vietnam.