On the scaling of perovskite photovoltaics to modules and panels

Halide Perovskite photovoltaic technology can be scaled to large area modules and panels using printing processes and laser patterning. Here, we will present the progress made to scale up from small area solar cells to modules and panels up to a dimension of 0.5 sqm. Specific efforts have been devoted to developing a deposition process out of the glove box (GB) in conventional ambient air. We transfer out of the GB several coating technologies, including blade coating and slot-die. [1], [2] To do this without penalizing efficiency and stability, a specific formulation of perovskite absorber [2], [3] and doping strategies of transporting layer have been formulated. [4] These optimizations permitted to realized perovskite solar modules with an efficiency of > 17% on an active area of 43 cm2, keeping above 90% of the initial efficiency after 800 h thermal stress at 85 °C. [4] One of the critical issues scaling the cell to module size is the control of interface properties. We demonstrated that tuning of interface properties can be successfully obtained by applying two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene [5], functionalized MoS2 [6], MXenes [7] as well as 2D Perovskite.