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Metabolic pathway of 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose in carrageenan-degrading microorganisms
- Source :
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 100:4109-4121
- Publication Year :
- 2016
- Publisher :
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2016.
-
Abstract
- Complete hydrolysis of κ-carrageenan produces two sugars, D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose (D-AnG). At present, however, we do not know how carrageenan-degrading microorganisms metabolize D-AnG. In this study, we investigated the metabolic pathway of D-AnG degradation by comparative genomic analysis of Cellulophaga lytica LIM-21, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica T6c, and Epulopiscium sp. N.t. morphotype B, which represent the classes Flavobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Clostridia, respectively. In this bioinformatic analysis, we found candidate common genes that were believed to be involved in D-AnG metabolism. We then experimentally confirmed the enzymatic function of each gene product in the D-AnG cluster. In all three microorganisms, D-AnG metabolizing genes were clustered and organized in operon-like arrangements, which we named as the dan operon (3,6-d-anhydro-galactose). Combining bioinformatic analysis and experimental data, we showed that D-AnG is metabolized to pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate via four enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the following route: 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose → 3,6-anhydro-D-galactonate → 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-galactonate (D-KDGal) → 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-galactonate → pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The pathway of D-AnG degradation is composed of two parts: transformation of D-AnG to D-KDGal using two D-AnG specific enzymes and breakdown of D-KDGal to two glycolysis intermediates using two DeLey-Doudoroff pathway enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the metabolic pathway of D-AnG degradation.
- Subjects :
- 0106 biological sciences
0301 basic medicine
Operon
Carrageenan
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
01 natural sciences
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Microbiology
Clostridia
03 medical and health sciences
chemistry.chemical_compound
Pseudoalteromonas
010608 biotechnology
Pyruvic Acid
Gammaproteobacteria
Biotransformation
chemistry.chemical_classification
Clostridiales
biology
Pseudoalteromonas atlantica
Computational Biology
Galactose
General Medicine
biology.organism_classification
Metabolic pathway
030104 developmental biology
Enzyme
Biochemistry
chemistry
Multigene Family
Flavobacteriaceae
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Biotechnology
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 14320614 and 01757598
- Volume :
- 100
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....f6d733302637692ff310972060cde16b