Digit and Ungual Morphology Suggest Adaptations for Scansoriality in the Late Carboniferous Eureptile Anthracodromeus longipes

A new skeleton of the exceedingly rare, late Carboniferous eureptileAnthracodromeus longipes(Carroll and Baird, 1972), reveals the presence of a reduced phalangeal count in the manus and pedes and uniquely recurved unguals. With these data, we quantitatively evaluate the locomotor ecology ofAnthracodromeususing morphometric analyses of the phalangeal proportions, ungual curvature, and ungual shape. Our findings indicate that the anatomy ofAnthracodromeuslikely facilitated scansorial clinging to some degreeviadistally recurved unguals and increased surface area of the large manus and pes. This suggests thatAnthracodromeuswas among the earliest amniotes to show climbing abilities, pushing back the origins of scansoriality by at least 17 million years. It further suggests that scansoriality arose soon after the origin of amniotes, allowing them to exploit a wide range of novel terrestrial niches.