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Multiproxy record of late Quaternary climate change and Middle Stone Age human occupation at Wonderkrater, South Africa
- Source :
- Quaternary Science Reviews, Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 2014, 99, pp.42-59. ⟨10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.017⟩
- Publication Year :
- 2014
-
Abstract
- International audience; Here we provide a multiproxy record of climate change and human occupation at Wonderkrater, a spring and peat mound site situated in the interior of southern Africa. Recently extracted sediment cores yielded a number of Middle Stone Age (MSA) artefacts, prompting exploratory excavation of the sediments to understand better the geomorphology of the site, age of the sediments, cultural lithic sequence, vegetation and faunal remains, and to try to establish whether human use of the site was to some extent climatically driven. Excavations yielded late Pleistocene mammal fauna and flora, and three small MSA lithic assemblages with age estimates of 30 ka, >45 ka and 138.01 ± 7.7 ka. The upper layers comprise peat that preserves macrobotanical and faunal remains, implying local fen conditions in Acacia savanna woodland at 12 ka. Below the upper peat layers, a 1 m-thick layer of white sand yielded two MSA lithic assemblages in association with faunal remains dated to between 30.8 ± 0.7 ka and >45 ka. Clay underlying the sand has an OSL age of 63.1 ± 5.8 ka, and sandy peat below it has an Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL) age of 70 ± 10 ka. Faunal remains in the lower sand levels, and dental stable carbon isotope analysis of herbivores, indicate a substantial grassland component in the landscape during late MIS 3 (>45 ka). Charcoal, phytolith and pollen data show a change from moderately warm and dry grassy savanna woodland in the lower sand levels, to cooler and wetter grassland with woody shrubs in the uppermost levels by 30 ka. The conditions that resulted in the deposition of the sand also attracted people to the site, but whether it served as an oasis in an arid landscape, or was occupied during wet phases, is unclear. The composition of the lithic assemblages, which include many tools suitable for cutting, suggest that the peat mound may have been used as a place to harvest reeds, process plant materials and butcher animals that were either deliberately or accidentally trapped in mud or peat.
- Subjects :
- 010506 paleontology
Archeology
Peat
[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory
Pleistocene
[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes
Palaeoenvironment
Woodland
01 natural sciences
Late Pleistocene
MSA
Peat mound
0601 history and archaeology
Middle Stone Age
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Global and Planetary Change
060102 archaeology
Geology
06 humanities and the arts
Vegetation
15. Life on land
Optically stimulated luminescence
Archaeology
Arid
Phytolith
Quaternary
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 02773791
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Quarternary Science Reviews
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....f4c319f834204ae0c842b918d002450a
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.017